Transdermal Delivery of Insulin by Biodegradable Chitosan Nanoparticles: Exvivo and In vivo Studies

      Insulin-loaded biodegradable chitosan nanoparticle was prepared by the polyelec-trolyte complex formation method. The prepared nanoparticles were in the size of 110 nm and had high entrapment (91.0%) capacity. The transdermal nanoinsulin was characterized by in vivo hypoglycemic effects. Plasma glucose was decreased to the range of 80.34 to 96.74 mg/dl, and insulin levels were increased to the range of 21.62 to 45.80 µIU/ml for up to 60 h. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters like AUC, Cmax, Tmax and relative bioavailability of transdermal patch loaded insulin-chitosan nanoparticles were 3153.36 µIU/ml/h, 45.80 µIU/ml, 8 h and 20.02%, respectively.