for the first time in the history of logic, abd al razzaq al-jili (d. 570/1174), in the treatise al-lame fi al-shakl al-rabe, dealt with the modal syllogisms of the fourth figure. previous to him, dinha, the priest, and ibn salah al-hamadani had discussed the non-modal moods of the fourth figure. jili’s treatise deals only with simple modalities and ignores the complex ones. his pupil, fakhr al...

having briefly been reviewed the historical process of changing the formulae for determining the times of islamic prayers, two newly found formulae and a new rule for establishing the times of prayers would be discussed. these matters have been exploited from four texts, still preserved as manuscript: (1) siyyid ¾?y? al-d?n sh?shtar?’s ¼ad b?b dar macrifa al-a½??rl?b, (2) b?r?n?’s ’ist?c?b f? c...

Abstract This article proposes a re-examination of the phases construction and decoration at shrine ‘Abd al-Samad in Natanz demonstrates that core fabric elements architectural revetments are datable to Seljuq period ( 431-590/ 1040-1194), or slightly later. The structure was repurposed redecorated, including addition extensive lustre tiles stucco, for by Zayn al-Din al-Mastari early years four...

a letter authored by the well-known italian nobleman and traveller pietro della valle, dated 1624, is probably the oldest existing persian document in which modern astronomy, in particular the tychonic model, is introduced and discussed in detail. it was written in the reign of the safavid shah abbas i, less than a quarter of century after tycho brahe’s death. in part it was based on what his i...

In many Arab countries, where colonial rule was replaced by local authoritarian, often corrupt, regimes, popular discontent with the living conditions under new government has produced a kind of nostalgia for past. This is well observed in today’s Aden (Republic Yemen), which British colony from 1839 until 1967. middle 20th century, most prosperous city on Arabian Peninsula and one busiest seap...

In this paper we introduce the SpeakCorrect system which is a Computer Aided Pronunciation Training (CAPT) system for native Arabic students of English. The system is designed with optimized performance for the target users group. It is L1 dependent system and only the frequent pronunciation errors of native Arabic speakers are examined. Several adaptation techniques such as Speaker Adaptive Tr...