Disinfection by-products were determined in 15 water treatment plants in Beijing City. The effects of different water sources (surface water source, mixture water source and ground water source), seasonal variation and spatial variation were examined. Trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids were the major disinfection by-products found in all treated water samples, which accounted for 42.6% and 38...

BACKGROUND: The current standards for chlorine and monochloramine disinfection of drinking water were established using information obtained from bench-scale disinfection experiments of monodispersed hepatitis A virus. It is not clear whether these standards are sufficient for the four virus types listed on the CCL2. Several disinfection studies have been conducted on representative coxsackievi...

Ultraviolet light (UV) is a recognized disinfection alternative to chlorine and ozone in many applications from drinking water to wastewater treatment. UV provides effective disinfection without production of problematic disinfection byproducts. Information on the mechanism and application of UV for drinking water disinfection is presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the technique are disc...

Monochloramine disinfection of municipal water supplies is associated with decreased risk for Legionnaires' disease. We conducted a 2-year, prospective, environmental study to evaluate whether converting from chlorine to monochloramine for water disinfection would decrease Legionella colonization of hot water systems. Water and biofilm samples from 53 buildings were collected for Legionella cul...

INTRODUCTION To evaluate the cause of methemoglobinemia in patients undergoing extended daily hemodialysis/hemodiafiltration we analyzed the relationship between methemoglobinemia and the water disinfection schedule of the hospital. METHODS We reviewed all arterial blood gas analyses, obtained over a one-year period, in patients undergoing extended hemodialysis/hemodiafiltration, and compared...

Output water from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) may be a potential source of infection for both dental healthcare staff and patients. This study compared the efficacy of different disinfection methods with regard to the water quality and the presence of biofilm in DUWLs. Five dental units operating in a public dental health care setting were selected. The control dental unit had no disinfectio...

There are several concerns associated with the use of chlorine for potable water disinfection. These are the resistance of certain pathogens, the formation of toxic disinfection by-products and the adverse effects on aesthetic water quality. Owing to these concerns the water industry is continually reviewing alternative disinfection technologies. A methodology has been devised that will aid the...

Photocatalysis is a promising method for the disinfection of potable water in developing countries where solar irradiation can be employed, thus reducing the cost of treatment. In addition to microbial contamination, water normally contains suspended solids, dissolved inorganic ions and organic compounds (mainly humic substances) which may affect the efficacy of solar photocatalysis. In this wo...

A small water disinfection system based on the combination of a strong single 25 mW LED with a wavelength of 285 nm and a short quartz tube with an outer rectangular cross section is presented. For the disinfection tests clear tap water and slightly turbid and yellow pond water are contaminated with high concentrations of Escherichia coli bacteria. These water samples are exposed to the germici...

More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. In this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for USEPA Contaminant Candidate List viruses coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. Disinfection ex...