Proposed resolutions to the Arab-Israeli water conflict that fail to consider the introduction of alternative freshwater sources in the not-too-distant future cannot be taken seriously. Each of three major forms of freshwater supply augmentation (the “unconventional supplies”) is likely to be implemented on a widespread basis in the region, thereby substantially altering the regional water bala...

A wastewater treatment and reclamation facility in north-east Spain was monitored over 1 year to determine the occurrence and concentrations of different microbial indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, somatic bacteriophages and spores of sulfite-reducing clostridia). The removal of the indicators and its relationships through the wastewater treatment and reclamation trains were eval...

There has been a paradigm shift towards reclamation of wastewater from high cost to low cost effective technology for treatment of sewage and resource utilization for economy driven activities.Under appropriate conditions, sewage fed fisheries would reduce the cost of fish production by utilizing the sewage induced natural plankton and become cost effective because of savings through chemical f...

Extensive research has focussed on the development of novel high retention membrane bioreactor (HR-MBR) systems for wastewater reclamation in recent years. HR-MBR integrates high rejection membrane separation with conventional biological treatment in a single step. High rejection membrane separation processes currently used in HR-MBR applications include nanofiltration, forward osmosis, and mem...

Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility TMWRF is a 150,000 m3/day 40 mgd tertiary wastewater treatment facility that serves the cities of Reno and Sparks, Nev. The effluent from TMWRF is discharged into the Truckee River which flows to Pyramid Lake—a very sensitive ecosystem and habitat for endangered species. Reverse osmosis RO and nanofiltration NF , in conjunction with ultrafiltration UF ...

Lime flocculation/sedimentation in the first process unit of a 4,500-m3/day wastewater reclamation plant reduced numbers of microorganisms extensively when operated at pH 11.2. The efficiency was much less at lower pH values, and some bacteria even multiplied at pH 9.6. Data on reduction in the number of microorganisms in the lime treatment and subsequent units indicate that inactivation by hyd...

Radiation processing was found effective in wastewater purification and disinfection, and has been investigated in many countries through laboratory scale and pilot scale facilities. This technology can be applied to the treatment of industrial wastewater from textile dyeing industries, papermill and petrochemical processes, and also for the reclamation of effluent from municipal wastewater tre...

In areas lacking substantial freshwater resources, the utilisation of alternative water sources, such as desalinated seawater and reclaimed water, is a sustainable alternative option. This paper presents an optimisation approach for the integrated management of water resources, including desalinated seawater, wastewater and reclaimed water, for insular water deficient areas. The proposed mixed ...

Wastewater reuse has become an important part of the urban water supply portfolio in water stressed regions. Effective wastewater treatment processes are critical to protect public health during water reuse practices. However, the microbial removal efficiencies in wastewater reclamation plants are not routinely monitored due to the lack of a simple quantification method. This study applied a ne...

The reclamation and reuse of wastewater is one of the possible ways to relieve the serious fresh water resource crisis in China. Efficient reclamation treatment technologies ensure the safe reuse of reclaimed water. In order to screen out and evaluate technologies appropriate for reclamation treatment, a great deal of efforts have been brought to bear. In the present study, a toxicity-based met...