although ancient greek physicians studied a great number of ocular diseases in their medical texts such as glaucoma, cataract, trachoma, chalazion, trichiasis, entropion, ectropion and pterygion, in ancient greek art there were only few examples which represent ophthalmic diseases. these examples are found especially in portraits, and the ophthalmological disease is an important feature of the ...

Perhaps the most characteristic element of Buddhist sites in India is the presence of a stūpa which is—where topography allows—the fixed focal point of the entire complex. There are, in fact, literary sources which declare that the stūpa was to be the first element established and that its position should determine the position of all monastic residential quarters. A glance at the site plans of...