The von Graefe test has been the standard dissociated phoria test for many years. The tangent scale dissociated phoria test commonly known as the modified Thorington test is gaining in popularity. This study compared distance and near phorias obtained with the von Graefe and modified Thorington procedures in 68 young adult subjects (mean age = 24.5 years). This study also compared the +/-1.00 g...

Previous studies have found the modified Thorington test and the Howell phoria card test to be more repeatable than the von Graefe test. Another potential way to assess the value of a test could be to correlate test results with the level of symptoms. Near dissociated phorias were measured with the modified Thorington, Howell phoria card, and von Graefe procedures with 50 subjects between the a...

Introduction: In the evaluation of binocular function, the heterophoria is an essential measure. Historically, the relationship of the near phoric measure to the far phoria has been a critical finding in the diagnosis of convergence and divergence anomalies. There are a number of ways that the phorias can be measured. It is noted in the literature that different types of phoria measures are sta...

purpose: to compare the effect of different deviation measurement techniques and different lens powers on gradient accommodative convergence to accommodation (ac/a) ratio. methods: we randomly selected 78 eligible students of different majors from zahedan university of medical sciences. following retinoscopy for refractive errors, alternate prism cover test, von graefe and maddox rod without ad...

Insertion slanting recessions or biased resections have been reported to be useful for treating A- and V-pattern strabismus, convergence insufficiency, and convergence excess esotropia. Paradoxically, good results have been reported with methods that are opposite in nature. For example, some researchers would recess the medial rectus muscles and slant the superior pole of each muscle back farth...

PURPOSE To establish whether the cover test and von Graefe methods are interchangeable in a non-presbyopic and presbyopic population. METHODS We performed a prospective study on a sample of 127 non-presbyopic subjects between 20 and 45 years old and 56 presbyopic between 40 and 78 years old. Distance and near vision phoria were measured using the von Graefe method (VG) and cover test (CT). We...