This article proposes an analysis of “allocutive” morphemes in Basque, which are taken to be a species of vocative expression. This article focuses on two properties of vocative clitics: the fact that their morpheme order inside the auxiliary is sensitive to ergative person; and the way vocative clitics condition exponence of auxiliary roots. These reflect the first-merged position of vocative ...

Vocatives are assumed to be restricted to the second person usage only. Usually they subsume the following two subtypes: calls (hey you) and addresses (Madam) [Levinson 1987, p. 71]. Bulgarian vocative role is usually treated within the opposition: vocative form (a remnant of the case paradigm) vs. base nominative form, i.e. with respect to the presence or loss of the special vocative inflectio...

Although intonation has been traditionally associated with the expression of attitudes and intentions on the part of the speaker, little is known about whether sociopragmatic factors, such as power or social distance, or situational ones, like physical distance or insistence, can constrain the use and felicity of pitch contours. This article investigates the felicity conditions underlying the c...

Culture has a close relationship with many fields, including Linguistics. Language is special product of culture. It means communication and tool for thinking. to reflect, maintain develop Any meaningful sign language contains cultural element. Vocative words are one those cases. The article explores the vocative system in Tay people Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam concludes that culture not only...

In informal terms, a vocative identifies to whom the sentence’s content is addressed, a topic informs the addressee what it’s about, and a force marker says how the speaker wishes to use it to update the conversational context. I include all of these functions under the broad label “instructions for interpretation”, and in this paper I will pursue the idea that they should be studied within a s...

Both phonological and morphological reasons have been suggested to account for mismatched elements in reduplicative outputs (e.g. gbóná is reduplicated as gbí-gbóná in Yoruba). However, the mismatched tonal sequences in Cantonese vocative reduplication are not amenable to either account (namely, the Emergence of the Unmarked account and the Morphological Doubling Theory account). This study pro...