The recently recognized aetosaur Tecovasuchus chatterjeei Martz and Small occurs at several localities in lower Chinle Group strata across Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Based on lithostratigraphic correlation and other vertebrate occurrences, all Tecovasuchus occurrences are of Adamanian age. Indeed, all occurrences are consistent with assignment to the St. Johnsian sub-land vertebrate faunac...

We present a method to expand a linguistic resource with paraphrases, which combines two techniques whose drawbacks neutralise reciprocally. The first step over-generates sentences by using analogy, while the second step overeliminates erroneous sentences which do not meet a criterion on N -gram occurrences. In a practical experiment, we added 17,862 paraphrases to a linguistic resource of 97,7...

A key challenge faced by children in vocabulary acquisition is learning which of the many possible meanings is appropriate for a word. The word generalization problem refers to how children associate a word such as dog with a meaning at the appropriate category level in the taxonomy of objects, such as Dalmatians, dogs, or animals. We present extensions to a cross-situational learner that enabl...

We present an analysis of parser performance on speech data, comparing word type and token frequency distributions with written data, and evaluating parse accuracy by length of input string. We find that parser performance tends to deteriorate with increasing length of string, more so for spoken than for written texts. We train an alternative parsing model with added speech data and demonstrate...

A particularly important form of token-reflexive symbol is found in the tenses of verbs. The tenses determine time with reference to the time point of the act of speech, i.e., of the token uttered. A closer analysis reveals that the time indication given by the tenses is of a rather complex structure. Let us call the time point of the token the point of speech. Then the three indications, ‘befo...

regarding the importance of natural resources in preserving natural ecosystem and human being survival, protecting these resources and preventing their demolition will be necessary. taleghan lake, alborz, is studied o determine the protective value and measuring the willingness of people. using the ahp approach, this study is different by using and non-using value of the lake. results from lagi...