There was a long tradition in philosophy according to which good reasoning had to be deductively valid. However, that tradition began to be questioned in the 1960’s, and is now thoroughly discredited. What caused its downfall was the recognition that many familiar kinds of reasoning are not deductively valid, but clearly confer justification on their conclusions. Here are some simple examples:

abstractmuhammad asif mohseni, a shia religious authority and an afghan political activist, has recently published the second printing of his al-mu’jam al-ahadith al-mu’tabarah in 8 volumes. a new arrangement has been adopted regarding the jurisprudential and non-jurisprudential chapters of the book, which indicates the author’s stance toward the status of reason and science as well as the posi...

There are some important issues associated with knowledge and its acquisition which if realized could make quite a shift in our thinking about what constitutes valid research. They have a rich historical tradition and are fundamental to our understanding of nature and society. This paper takes an historical perspective on information systems epistemology; in so doing, it hopes to expose some of...

There are some important issues associated with knowledge and its acquisition which, if realized, could make quite a shift in our thinking about what constitutes valid research. They have a rich historical tradition and are fundamental to our understanding of nature and society. This paper takes an historical perspective on information systems epistemology; in so doing, it hopes to expose some ...

It is part of the tradition and folklore of automated reasoning that the intractability of Cooper s decision procedure for Presburger in teger arithmetic makes is too expensive for practical use More than years of work has resulted in numerous approximate procedures via rational arithmetic all of which are incom plete and restricted to the quanti er free frag ment In this paper we report on an ...

Buddhist theories of mind pivot between two distinct interpretative strands: (1) an epistemological tradition in which the mind, or the mental, is the foundation for valid knowledge and (2) a tradition of deconstruction, in which there is no privileged vantage point for truth claims. The contested status of these two strands is evident in the debates surrounding the relationship between epistem...

Databases model parts of reality by containing data representing properties of real-world objects or concepts. Often, some of these properties are time-related. Thus, databases often contain data representing time-related information. However, as they may be produced by humans, such data or information may contain imperfections like uncertainties. An important purpose of databases is to allow t...