squares as urban spaces are the arena for people formed by physical proportions and variety offunctions such as religious, commercial, cultural, etc. shohada square as a focal point in mashhad , is one of themain arteries of access to holly shrine of imam reza and makes access to utilities and major axes . according tothe former urban pattern and its position in the traditional context of surro...

middle of squares, one of the components of physical aspect is considered as an appropriateindicator in designing successful urban squares, which consequently promotes visual quality. the present study aims todetermine how the above mentioned aspect was presented in the middle-ages and renaissance within italian squares.considering the aim of the investigation, library studies as well as visual...

Middle of squares, one of the components of physical aspect is considered as an appropriateindicator in designing successful urban squares, which consequently promotes visual quality. The present study aims todetermine how the above mentioned aspect was presented in the Middle-Ages and Renaissance within Italian squares.Considering the aim of the investigation, library studies as well as visual...

Investigating the characteristics of urban expansion is helpful in managing the relationship between urbanization and the ecological and environmental issues related to sustainable development. The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Line-scan System (DMSP/OLS) collects visible and near-infrared light from the Earth’s surface at night without moonlight. It generates effective t...

Water bodies are a fundamental element of urban ecosystems, and water mapping is critical for urban and landscape planning and management. Remote sensing has increasingly been used for water mapping in rural areas; however, when applied to urban areas, this spatiallyexplicit approach is a challenging task due to the fact that the water bodies are often of a small size and spectral confusion is ...

This paper examines economic returns to schooling for China’s Korean minority in the urban labour market using ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage least squares. The OLS estimates of the returns to schooling are similar to findings from recent studies for the Chinese urban labour market. We use father’s education, mother’s education and spouse’s education to instrument for education. The...

Visibility is an important factor of environmental quality that has various influences on the quality of neighborhood. This paper aimed to find the relationship between urban form and visual quality. A public space with a spatial configuration in one of Bushehr city's neighborhoods was selected as the case study. Bushehr city is surrounded by urban development and the sea. Compact urban spac...

This study examines the dominance of the D/H ratio as a design element for an enclosed urban square, long claimed by numerous urban designers. It claims that like the D/H ratio, other design elements significantly affect the perceptual quality of an enclosed square, but their impacts differ according to the context in which they are applied. The study reviews the literature pertaining to enclos...

High quality digital elevation models (DEMs) are required for a large number of urban applications such as; telecommunication, urban development, and city planning and management. Sudden changes in surface topography weaken existing automatic terrain extraction techniques. The quality of such DEMs needs to be enhanced. This can be accomplished either manually or automatically. Manual enhancemen...