in recent years there has been studies concerning the investigation of macro-scale geomorphic proxies of quaternary climatic changes in the study area. without detail analysis of slope geomorphic features, there can be little progress on expanding the knowledge of past slope development in the northwestern iran high mountain environments. consequently, the information pertaining to these quater...

Paleoclimatic studies with multiple proxy data have increasingly improved our understanding of Holocene climate. A dry and warm climate in the early and middle Holocene has been documented by numerous studies in eastern North America (T. Webb et al., 1983, 1993; COHMAP Members, 1988; Baker et al., 1992; R. Webb et al., 1993). Recent studies show that the classic dry and warm prairie period in m...

Wetland and floodplain soils in the East African Rift of Kenya provide a record of changing palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology compatible with climate records for the mid-Holocene through the late Holocene Medieval Warm Period (~AD 800–1270) and Little Ice Age (~AD 1270–1850), documented previously in nearby lacustrine sites. Soils forming from volcaniclastic source materials in both Loboi Swamp...

A hydrogen isotope time series obtained from an analysis of organic matter extracted from a lake core in Kalamazoo, southwestern Michigan, reveals four distinct isotope stages within the last 12,000 years that can be interpreted in terms of oscillations between cold and warm, dry climates. The most dramatic are a cold phase between 12,000 and 9000 years before present (B.P.), a warm, dry period...

The manifestation of major climatic events such as the timing of deglaciation and whether, or not, the Younger Dryas affected Andean systems has garnered considerable recent attention. Even the Holocene is rapidly emerging as a time of considerable interest in Neotropical palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology. The Holocene of the Neotropics is now revealed as a time of some temperature change wit...

The sensitivity of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to changes in mean climate is investigated for simulations of pre-industrial and mid-Holocene (6000 years before present) climate using the Hadley Centre coupled atmosphere-ocean model, HadCM3. Orbitally-forced changes in insolation in the mid-Holocene produce changes in seasonality which may alter ENSO amplitude and frequency. The model si...