over the recent years, the study of language learning strategies has received much attention worldwide in general, and in iran in particular. many scholars have tried to investigate the function of language learning strategies in efl learning and teaching. not enough attention, however, has been paid to language skills, especially speaking skill, in iran. therefore, the present study aimed at s...

Listening taking over half of the learners’ time and effort (Nunan, 1998), forms a basis for acquiring much of a language. There are factors affecting listening comprehension and its perception, such as the speech rate, phonological properties of the text, the quality of the recording, the learners’ anxiety, and listening comprehension strategies (Goh, 2000; Hamouda, 2013). At the Iran Language...

Although Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been widely advocated by a considerable number of applied linguists and English language teachers, its implementation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts has encountered a number of difficulties.  Reviewing the literature suggests that one of the reasons for unsuccessful implementation of CLT may be neglect of learners' beliefs in t...

The aim of the paper is to present results a think-aloud study which investigated how Polish learners EFL coped with unknown words in written text. following aspects inferencing process were explored: strategies and types knowledge sources used by learners, students’ individual patterns strategy use, effectiveness deducing word meanings reasons behind unsuccessful inferences. showed that applie...

Over the recent years, the study of language learning strategies has received much attention worldwide in general, and in Iran in particular. Many scholars have tried to investigate the function of language learning strategies in EFL learning and teaching. Not enough attention, however, has been paid to language skills, especially speaking skill, in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed at s...

Since the late 70s, investigations into the language learning strategies used by successful learners in the field of second and foreign language learning attracted attention with the studies of Rubin (1975), Stern (1975), and Naiman et al. (1978), which aimed to figure out what good language learning strategies might be and to share those strategies with unsuccessful language learners. Previous...

In a study with 140, ninth-grade mathematics students on learning the concept of variance, students experienced either direct instruction (DI) or productive failure (PF), wherein they were first asked to generate a quantitative index for variance without any guidance before receiving direct instruction on the concept. Whereas DI students relied only on the canonical formulation of variance taug...

In this study, we examined two related aspects in pragmatic knowledge: namely, knowledge of the contexts which certain linguistic forms are prototypically used (i.e. form-context mappings), and indexical meanings produced when a form is particular context. We employed one-to-one metapragmatic interviews with 30 L1 Korean speakers, 28 L2 learners UK as well eight group 26 learners. The focused o...