it is well-known that “casual conditional” in islamic logics has been used with two meanings: “specific conditional” and “general conditional”. however, viewing the works of the muslim logicians, we find out that these two meanings of “casual conditional” have been interpreted in two various ways: each of the general and specific conditionals is sometimes interpreted as the condition of “non-ne...

Abstract In his Kant on Laws , Eric Watkins presents an account of reason which the principles specification and continuity are regulative instructions to search for different kinds unconditioned. I suggest that we correct Watkins’ in two ways. First, need complete claim plurality unconditioned: aims three unconditioned, associated with lowest next highest concepts. Second, look beyond reason’s...

The retrieval-extinction paradigm, which disrupts the reconsolidation of fear memories in humans, is a non-invasive technique that can be used to prevent the return of fear in humans. In the present study, unconditioned stimulus revaluation was applied in the retrieval-extinction paradigm to investigate its promotion of conditioned fear extinction in the memory reconsolidation window after part...

We show that conditioned eyelid responses develop when the unconditioned stimulus is electrical stimulation of the dorsal accessory nucleus of the inferior olive. When compared to conditioning using a standard unconditioned stimulus (air puff), the conditioning produced in this manner appears quite normal: the responses develop at a similar rate, are of comparable magnitude and topography, and ...