ziyād b. ‘ubayd, as one of the four arab ingenious figures, had a very impressive role in consolidation of the foundations of umayyads’ rule. as the son of ‘ubayd, the anatolian salve of ḥārith b. kalda thaqafī, and sumayya, his infamous slave girl, he was put in mu‘āwiya service after his adoption by abū sufyān in 44/664 and a year later was appointed as the governor of baṣra. ziyād’s manageri...