a close study of the conduct of a translator or an interpreter indicates that there are a large number of factors which can play a significant role in their success or failure in their profession. the present paper is intended to probe into a number of these factors which appear to have a rather more important role in the profession of interpreters. it is accepted though, by the majority of the...

Since Greenberg the recognition of linguistic universals has been the backbone of language typology. Earlier Garvin had already divided universals into absolute and potential ones, the former uncontested cornerstones of linguistic theory, the latter commonly accepted generalizations among experienced professionals. The 'universals' to be discussed here are of the latter type: tried and tested p...

We investigated how focus was prosodically realized in Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin and Beijing Mandarin by monolingual and bilingual speakers. Acoustic analyses showed that all speakers raised pitch and intensity of focused words, but only Beijing Mandarin speakers lowered pitch and intensity of post-focus words. Cross-group differences in duration were mixed. When listening to stimuli from thei...

cognitive aspects of bilingualism have been recently studied by manyresearchers and lots of them have reported bilingual advantage overmonolinguals in some aspects of cognition. given the multitude of bilinguals iniran, further and deeper studies of various aspects of this phenomenon seem torequire. in order to study bilingualism in iran from a cognitive point of view,the present study examines...

Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information and on overall speed during cognitive control tasks. Here, monolinguals' and bilinguals' performance was compared on two nonlinguistic tasks: a Stroop task (with perceptual Stimulus-Stimulus conflict among stimulus features) and a Simon task (with Stimulus-Response conflict). Across two experiments ...

Much of what is known about the outcome of second language acquisition and bilingualism can be summarized in terms of inter-individual variability, plasticity and age. The present review looks at variability and plasticity with respect to their underlying sources, and at age as a modulating factor in variability and plasticity. In this context we consider critical period effects vs. bilingualis...

Adults and young children prefer to affiliate with some individuals rather than others. Studies have shown that monolingual children show in-group biases for individuals who speak their native language without a foreign accent (Kinzler et al., 2007). Some studies have suggested that bilingual children are less influenced than monolinguals by language variety when attributing personality traits ...

Bilingualism: Language and Cognition / Volume 18 / Issue 01 / January 2015, pp 3 24 DOI: 10.1017/S1366728914000522, Published online: 27 November 2014 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S1366728914000522 How to cite this article: VIRGINIA VALIAN (2015). Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18, pp 3-24 doi:10.1017/ S1366728914000522 Request ...