Single-molecule spectroscopy can monitor transitions between two microscopic states when these transitions are associated with the emission of photons. A general formalism is developed for obtaining the statistics of such transitions from a microscopic model when the dynamics is described by master or rate equations or their continuum analog, multidimensional reaction-diffusion equations. The f...

We give a simple explicit formula for turnover reduction when a large number of alphas are traded on the same execution platform and trades are crossed internally. We model turnover reduction via alpha correlations. Then, for a large number of alphas, turnover reduction is related to the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of the alpha correlation matrix.

More police reduces crime but little is know about the mechanism. Does more police deter crime by reducing its attractiveness, or is the reduction driven by an incapacitation of recurrent criminals? This paper exploits micro-level data on single robberies together with redeployments of two police forces within a city, providing first evidence of (negative) incapacitation that is driven by reduc...

The first passage times for enzymatic turnovers in nonequilibrium steady state display a statistical symmetry property related to nonequilibrium fluctuation theorems, which makes it possible to extract the chemical driving force from single molecule trajectories in nonequilibrium steady state. Below, we show that the number of decay constants needed to describe the first passage time distributi...

This study investigated the impact of motivation on employee turnover in Telecom sector of Pakistan. The questionnaire used was designed to focus on motivation and turnover questions. One hundred and six close-ended questionnaires were used for analyses. Regression and correlation analyses were proposed to explore the impact of motivation on employee’s intention to quit. Motivation was establis...