Neutral sugar, free amino acid, and anthocyanin levels and vacuole/extravacuole distribution were determined for Hippeastrum and Tulipa petal and Tulipa leaf protoplasts. Glucose and fructose, the predominant neutral monosaccharides observed, were primarily vacuolar in location. Glutamine, the predominant free amino acid found, was primarily extravacuolar. gamma-Methyleneglutamate was identifie...

A new subpecies, Tulipa cinnabarina subsp. toprakii subsp. nov. (Liliaceae) from Turkey is described. Diagnostic characters, descriptions, detailed illustrations, geographical distribution, conservation status and ecological observations on the new taxon are provided. It is also compared with the closely related Tulipa cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina.

Two novel anthocyanins, delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(2-O-acetyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside) and delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(3-O-acetyl-α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside), were identified from the anthers of Tulipa gesneriana. These and delphinidin 3-O-(6-O-(α-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-glucopyranoside) made up over 80% of the anthocyanin content in the dark purple anthers and could be responsible for t...

Tulipa, Liliaceae, Hydroxycinnamic Acid Conjugates, Ferulic Acid Esters, Sucrose Two ferulic acid conjugates have been isolated from the extract of immature anthers of Tulipa cv. “Apeldoorn” and their structures elucidated using chromatography, electron impact mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. These two conjugates are 6,3'-diferuloylsucrose and 6,3',4'triferuloylsucrose. High performance...

In this paper we present a parsing framework for extensions of Tree Adjoining Grammars (TAG) called TuLiPA (Tübingen Linguistic Parsing Architecture). In particular, besides TAG, the parser can process Tree-Tuple MCTAG with shared nodes (TT-MCTAG), a TAG-extension that has been proposed to deal with scrambling in free word order languages such as German. The central strategy of the parser is su...

Tulips are bulbous geophytes with high ornamental value. Species of Tulipa L. distributed along western China to Eastern Europe. Central Asia including Uzbekistan is considered as the hotspot center tulips where over 80 and 34 taxa described. The current work presents morphology species from fresh materials, regional distribution assessment area (AOO) extent (EOO) occurrence ancestor cultivated...

Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita maxima, Tracer Experiments, Potash Fusion, Sporopollenin The results of tracer experiments performed with anthers of Tulipa cv. Apeldoorn have already shown that a high level of incorporation into the sporopollenin fraction was achieved, when [14C]phenylalanine was applicated as a precursor. In order to investigate whether the substantial incorporation of [14C]phenylala...

Globally, over 85% of oyster reefs have been lost, and the combined effects climate change, ocean acidification, environmental degradation, including pollution mangrove overharvesting, could further reduce global fisheries in coming decades. To understand level impact change on fishery West Africa, an expert-based vulnerability assessment to was conducted for African (Crassostrea tulipa, Lamarc...