grave’s disease is a clinical syndrome consisting of hypermetabolism, diffuse thyroid enlargement and exophthalmos. which has ocular complications. due to the high incidence of these complications and the risk of blindness special attention is needed. many therapeutic methods including medical surgical and radiotherapy for ocular complications are suggested. in cases of medical therapy failure,...

BACKGROUND The optimal topical anesthesia regimen for unsedated transnasal endoscopy is unknown. The addition of a nasal decongestant, such as xylometazoline (X), to a topical anesthestic may improve patient comfort. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of lidocaine (L) versus L plus X (LX) for anesthesia in unsedated transnasal endoscopy. METHODS Consecutive participants of the Aklavik...

OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the current literature on transnasal esophagoscopy, and to compare information with conventional esophagoscopy. DATA SOURCES Medline (Ovid), book chapters. REVIEW METHODS A thorough review of the literature using the Medline database was performed with the following search terms: esophagoscopy, transnasal esophagoscopy, ultrathin endoscopy, and esophagoscop...

BACKGROUND Unsedated transnasal gastroscopy is a technique with unverified clinical advantages. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and procedure times with transnasal gastroscopy by physicians with no previous experience in transnasal endoscopy. METHODS Unsedated transnasal gastroscopy using 4.9 mm ultrathin transnasal gastroscopes with randomization to two different biopsy forceps was pros...

INTRODUCTION Transnasal endoscopy is commonly performed in an outpatient otolaryngology setting. Patients are typically administered a topical anesthetic and decongestant prior to this procedure to alleviate discomfort and improve visualization. There is no consensus on which topical anesthetic is most effective in optimizing patient experience during the procedure. OBJECTIVE To determine whe...

duodenoscopy (EGD) using an ultrathin scope has been developed as an alterna− tive method to conventional endoscopy with sedation [1,2]. Several studies have reported the benefit of transnasal EGD, which may reduce the risk of cardiopul− monary complications, lower the cost related to postprocedure monitoring, and be better tolerated by the patients [1 ± 3]. However, lack of data regarding the ...

Introduction: In recent years, the surgical management of angiofibroma has been greatly influenced by the use of endoscopic techniques. However, large tumors that extend into difficult anatomic sites present major challenges for management by either endoscopy or an open-surgery approach which needs new technique for the complete en block resection.   Materials and Methods: In a prospective obse...

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS  Screening for esophageal and gastric varices is indicated for patients with portal hypertension or cirrhosis. Typically, conventional endoscopy is used; however, the need for sedation increases the costs and risks, especially in cirrhotic patients. Use of transnasal endoscopy with an ultrathin endoscope enables study of the upper gastrointestinal tract without the nee...

Enteral feeding has become an important means of providing nutritional support to seriously ill patients. Placement of the feeding tube through the pyloric ring and past the ligament of Treitz into the proximal jejunum is critical to reduce the risk of gastroesophageal regurgitation and microaspiration. We started utilizing transnasal endoscopy for intestinal feeding tube placement, placing ent...