Genetically modified plants can be altered for agronomic traits, such as virus-, insector herbicide tolerance, and for quality traits, such as enhanced or altered nutritional properties. The genes introduced into the plant may result in the synthesis of new substances that are conventional components of plant foods such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, or vitamins that are novel in the context...

the Society of toxicology (StOx), India, and Safety and environmental Assurance Centre (SeAC), Unilever, organized a one day symposium on “Novel Strategies for Toxicological Risk Assessments” on September 4, 2013 at Unilever R&D Centre, Bangalore, India. As animal testing for safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and products is facing a likely ban in India, there is an increasing need to d...

Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon that has received little recognition, credibility and acceptance as evidenced by its absence from major toxicological/risk assessment texts, governmental regulatory dose-response modeling for risk assessment, and non-visibility in major professional toxicological society national meetings. This paper traces the historical evolution of the hormetic dose-res...

Ingredients have been used in industrial manufacture of tobacco products since the early part of the 20th century. However, unlike other consumer goods, until now no regulatory authority has determined how tobacco ingredients should be assessed. Although there is currently no consensus on how added cigarette ingredients should be evaluated, this paper reviews some of the institutional guidance ...

Toxicological hazard and risk assessment until today largely rely on animal toxicity data. Animal toxicity tests are performed to identify the toxic effects that a chemical can induce (hazard identification) and to determine the toxic potency, i.e. the quantitative relationship between external exposure level (administered dose, environmental concentration) and the incidence and severity of tox...

Nowadays, discharge of toxic heavy metals into the environment is anincreasing global concern. In light of this and that the per capita consumption of mushrooms has increased in Iran, the current study was carried out to investigate the levels and health-risk assessment of elements arsenic (As) and zinc (Zn) through consumption of button mushrooms marketed in Kermanshah city in 2016.In this des...