BACKGROUND X-tox proteins are a family of immune-related proteins only found in Lepidoptera and characterized by imperfectly conserved tandem repeats of several defensin-like motifs. Previous phylogenetic analysis of X-tox genes supported the hypothesis that X-tox have evolved from defensins in a lineage-specific gene evolution restricted to Lepidoptera. In this paper, we performed a protein st...

The bean (Phaseolus spp.) plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola is characterized by the ability to produce phaseolotoxin (Tox(+)). We recently reported that the majority of the Spanish P. syringae pv. phaseolicola population is unable to synthesize this toxin (Tox(-)). These Tox(-) isolates appear to lack the entire DNA region for the biosynthesis of phaseolotoxin (argK-tox gene ...

The toxigenic corynebacteriophage omega tox+ was isolated from the hypertoxigenic Park-Williams no. 8 (PW8) strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and compared with the toxigenic corynebacteriophage beta tox+. The physical size and host range of both phages were found to be identical. An endonuclease restriction map of omega tox+ was constructed, and the locations of the cohesive ends (cos), pha...

Today, researches have shown that the best and most effective way to reduce the incidence of disorders related to pesticides and prevent their transfer to the milk and other animal products is the application of adsorbents or bonding compounds. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different toxin adsorbents (Mycofix-Plus, Bio-Tox, Bio-Acid) on the amount of diazinon residues in grape ...

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a low-grade lymphoma characterized by clonal expansion of atypical CD4+ skin-homing T lymphocytes. Herein, we examined the role of thymocytes selection associated HMG-box (TOX), a gene previously found to be unregulated in MF skin biopsies, in MF pathogenesis. TOX encodes a high-mobility group family (HMG) domain DNA binding nuclear protein, which regulates the differe...

Mycosis fungoides (MF) often mimics the common chronic inflammatory skin diseases and is difficult to be diagnosed with certainty, partly because of the lack of well-characterized molecular markers. Previously, we discovered that TOX, a key T cell development regulator,was aberrantly over-expressed in early stage MF. In the current multi-center study involving two independent patient cohorts, w...

The isolation and characterization of two different nonsense suppressor strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae C7 sup+(-)tox- are described. Appropriate lysogens of these strains with corynephage beta, carrying known class II tox premature polypeptide chain termination mutations [C7sup-1(betatox-30) and C7sup-2(betatox-45)], each produce a 62,000-dalton polypeptide with nicotinamide adenine din...

Pathogenic strains of the soilborne fungus Periconia circinata produce peritoxins with host-selective toxicity against susceptible genotypes of sorghum. The peritoxins are low-molecular-weight, hybrid molecules consisting of a peptide and a chlorinated polyketide. Culture fluids from pathogenic, toxin-producing (Tox(+)) and nonpathogenic, non-toxin-producing (Tox(-)) strains were analyzed direc...

The effects of pH and bromide ion concentration on the formation of nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) and total organic halogens (TOX) in chlorinated drinking water have been evaluated. In an extensive study, the relationships of nine HAAs with TOX have been investigated. Honesty Significant Differences test (HSD) and ANOVA tests were used for the statistical analyses. The study determined the conce...