bulbospinal noradrenergic pathways are shown to have an important role in descending inhibition of pain sensation. locus ceruleus (lc), as a rich noradrenergic nucleus in the brain stem which has projections into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, was evaluated for antinociceptive activity by using tonic and phasic pain models in the rat. lc-lesioned rats demonstrated moderate increase in both...

introduction: glabrous skin and hairy skin are innervated by different types of noxious fibers. however, the different nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin, a commonly used model of acute inflammatory pain, have not yet been systematically examined in the glabrous and hairy skin. methods: in this study, we compared nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin injections (2%, 4%, and 8%) into ...

Pain perception is closely related to the attentional level and the vigilance of the subject [4]. The intensity of a pain stimulus and its sensation do often not coincide. A common experimental example is the so-called pain-inhibiting-pain effect: A stressful stimulus, e.g. persistent or chronic pain, often elevates the threshold for brief pain stimuli applied during the same time. Stressful st...

The study was done to find out the effect of Liraglutide on formalin induced tonic pain in obese rabbits. Rabbits were made obese by giving HFD (High fat diet) for 10 weeks. Tonic pain was induced with 5% formalin and it was observed that obese rabbits showed a significantly lesser pain score as compared to normal rabbits. Liraglutide (7μg/kg s.c.) was then given to both the group of rabbits fo...

Central sensitization caused by prolonged nociceptive input from muscles is considered to play an important role for chronification of tension-type headache. In the present study we used a new high-density EEG brain mapping technique to investigate spatiotemporal aspects of brain activity in response to muscle pain in 19 patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) and 19 healthy, age- an...

OBJECTIVE Spinal cord stimulation is commonly used to treat medically intractable pain. Different stimulation designs are used to obtain pain suppression such as tonic stimulation, high frequency stimulation, and burst stimulation. Preliminary analysis of the same data used in this study demonstrated that burst stimulation likely modulates the medial pain pathways in contrast to tonic stimulati...

OBJECTIVE Spinal cord stimulation via epidurally implanted electrodes is a common treatment for medically intractable neuropathic pain of different origins. Because tonic electrical stimulation evokes paresthesias over the painful area, this method has never been proven scientifically to be superior to placebo. Recently, burst stimulation (in which closely spaced, high-frequency stimuli are del...

INTRODUCTION Spinal cord stimulation is a safe and effective procedure applied for medically intractable neuropathic pain and failed back surgery syndrome. Recently, a novel stimulation paradigm was developed, called burst stimulation consisting of intermittent packets of closely spaced high-frequency stimuli. The design consists of 40 Hz burst mode with 5 spikes at 500 Hz per burst, with a pul...

15 Tonic pain after injury characterises a behavioural state that prioritises recovery. Although generally 16 suppressing cognition and attention, tonic pain needs to allow effective relief learning to reduce 17 the cause of the pain. Here, we describe a central learning circuit that supports learning of relief 18 and concurrently suppresses the level of ongoing pain. We used computational mode...

Tonic pain after injury characterises a behavioural state that prioritises recovery. Although generally suppressing cognition and attention, tonic pain needs to allow effective relief learning to reduce the cause of the pain. Here, we describe a central learning circuit that supports learning of relief and concurrently suppresses the level of ongoing pain. We used computational modelling of beh...