1.1 Token frequency For completeness, this section demonstrates that relying on token frequency instead of type frequency does not provide a way out for the lexicalist hypothesis. Figure 7 shows the association between accuracy and tokenfrequency measures, analogous to the figures above for the type-frequency measures. The results are similar, albeit less promising: token segmental bigram frequ...

This paper discusses recent research on methods for estimating configuration parameters for the Matrix Comparator used for linking unstandardized or heterogeneously standardized references. The matrix comparator computes the aggregate similarity between the tokens (words) in a pair of references. The two most critical parameters for the matrix comparator for obtaining the best linking results a...

Rules, and exceptions to such rules, are ubiquitous in many domains, including language. Here we used simple artificial grammars to investigate the influence of 2 factors on the acquisition of rules and their exceptions, namely type frequency (the relative numbers of different exceptions to different regular items) and token frequency (the number of exception tokens relative to the number of re...

Many theoretical accounts of generalization suggest that with increasing data, people should tighten their generalizations. However, these accounts presume that the additional data points are all distinct. Other accounts, such as the adaptor grammar framework in linguistics (Johnson, Griffiths, & Goldwater, 2007), suggest that when the additional data points are identical, generalizations about...

Children's early word production is influenced by the statistical frequency of speech sounds and combinations. Three experiments asked whether this production effect can be explained by a perceptual learning mechanism that is sensitive to word-token frequency and/or variability. Four-year-olds were exposed to nonwords that were either frequent (presented 10 times) or infrequent (presented once)...

Children’s early word production is influenced by the statistical frequency of speech sounds and combinations. Three experiments asked whether this production effect can be explained by a perceptual learning mechanism that is sensitive to word-token frequency and/or variability. Four-year-olds were exposed to nonwords that were either frequent (presented 10 times) or infrequent (presented once)...

In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm that combines both token-based and character-based approaches is presented. The basic Levenshtein approach also has been extended to the token-based distance metric. The distance metric is enhanced to set the proper granularity level behavior of the algorithm. It smoothly maps a threshold of misspelling differences at the character level and the importance ...

In this paper we illustrate a novel Wireless Local Area Network Multiple Access Control (WLAN MAC) protocol whose allocation policy adopts a strategy similar to the token ring: the mobile stations access the channel upon receiving the token and release the channel by passing the token to the next user. The traffic is divided in two classes: Guaranteed Bandwidth (GB) and Best Effort (BE). The ba...