toll like receptors (tlrs) recognize pathogens and generate an immediate defense response by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which rapidly destroy or limit the pathogens. in their bridging role, tlr downstream signals link innate and adaptive immunity, particularly by mediating dc maturation and activation of pathogen specific t lymphocytes. these pathways lead to the act...

Background: Endometriosis is the growth of endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. It has been suggested that immune system plays important roles in both initiation and progression of the disease. Several studies have been shown that women with endometriosis diverge in their expression of different genes including heat-shock proteins, fibronectin, and neutrophil elastase, which might be i...

background: it has been suggested that malfunction of immune system may cause testicular cancer. recently, our understanding of innate immune system has been expanded, by discovery of “toll- like receptors” (tlrs). some studies have shown that polymorphisms of tlr2 and 4 can effect on the risk of cancer. also, the role of tlrs 3and 9 have been shown in apoptosis of cancer cells and metastasis i...