Objective(s): Stroke is known as a main cause of mortality and prolonged disability in adults. Both transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in mediating the inflammatory responses. In the present study, the effects of TRPV1 receptor activation and blockade on stroke outcome and gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were assessed following permanen...

background: recent studies have shown the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin d3 through down-regulation of toll-like receptor (tlr) expression in human monocytes. in this study, the effects of vitamin d treatment on tlr2 and tlr4 expression on monocytes derived from type 2 diabetes was investigated. materials and methods: to assess the influence of vitamin d3 on expression of tlr2 and tlr4 on m...

background: recently, reports have indicated a role for the membrane form of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) in asthma pathogenesis. in this study we examined soluble tlr2 levels in serum and sputum of asthmatic and healthy subjects. methods: serum and sputum samples were obtained from 33 asthmatic and 19 healthy subjects. the asthmatics were classified into four groups according to the global init...

Background: The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is complex and multifactorial. Studies have led to the current concept that Toll-like receptors represent key mediators of innate host defense in the intestine, and they are involved in maintaining mucosal as well as commensal homeostasis. We studied the possibility of simvastatin and antagonist of receptors of interleukin-1 for pharmac...

Toll‑like receptor (TLR) 2/4 serves an important regulatory role in nerve tissue injury. However, the downstream and potential mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study was designed investigate roles of TLR2/4‑major myeloid differentiation response gene 88 (MyD88)‑NF‑κB signaling pathway development intracranial aneurysm. expression TLR2, TLR4 MyD88 blood normal controls patients wi...

Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immune disorder associated with hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases. CVID patients are frequently in contact with infectious pathogens leading to the activation of innate immunity through Toll-like receptors (TLR) affecting adaptive immunity. The aim of the present study was to test the immunomedula...

Background: It is not yet known which types of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are most effective in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) recognition. It is also not known which gastric zones have the most prominent roles in TLR-mediated bacterial recognition. The aim of this work was to analyze the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients. Methods: Thirty-eight...

Background: The innate immune system is our first line of defense against invading pathogens. Toll–like receptors (TLRs) have been identified as a key role in mediating the function of innate immune system which bridges the gap between innate and adaptive immunity. For example, TLR2 is able to act as a homodimer to recognize lipoteichoic acids of Gram-positive bacteria but as a heterodimer with...

Intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe type of stroke accounting for 10–15 % of all strokes and is associated with a mortality rate of 30–50%. Neuroinflammation contributes to ICH-induced secondary brain injury and understanding the mechanisms causing neuroinflammation can be helpful to find new treatments of ICH. Recent studies demonstrated that toll like receptor...