results the results showed that the chimeric recombinant protein induced strong humoral response as well as protection against live oral challenges using e. coli o157:h7. conclusions the rit could reduce bacterial shedding effectively. objectives the eae gene encoded intimin protein which is essential for colonization of the mucosa and a/e lesions formation by docking to the tir. materials and ...

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway regulates innate immune responses in evolutionarily diverse species. We have previously shown that the Caenorhabditis elegans p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, PMK-1, functions in an innate immune response pathway that mediates resistance to a variety of microbial pathogens. Here, we show that tir-1, a gene encoding a highly conserved Toll/IL...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecules specific to pathogens and endogenous danger signals. Binding of agonists to the ectodomain of the receptor initiates TLR activation and is followed by the association of receptor cytosolic Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains with TIR domains of adapter proteins leading to the assembly of signaling cascade of protein kinases that ultimately tr...

The N-terminal Toll/interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for defense signaling in the model plants flax and Arabidopsis. In examples from these organisms, TIR domain self-association is required for signaling function, albeit through distinct interfaces. Here, we investigate these properties in the TIR domain containing resist...

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) triggers a dramatic rearrangement of the host epithelial cell actin cytoskeleton to form an attaching and effacing lesion, or pedestal. The pathogen remains attached extracellularly to the host cell through the pedestal for the duration of the infection. At the tip of the pedestal is a bacterial protein, Tir, which is secreted from the bacterium into the...

Background: Infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 rarely leads to bloody diarrhea and causes hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal failure that can be deadly dangerous. Intimin, translocated Intimin receptor (Tir), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) secreted protein A (EspA) proteins are the virulence factors expressed by locus of enterocyte effacement locus of EHEC. This bacterium needs Es...

A stochastic lateral signaling interaction between two developing Caenorhabditis elegans AWC olfactory neurons causes them to take on asymmetric patterns of odorant receptor expression, called AWC(OFF) and AWC(ON). Here we show that the AWC lateral signaling gene tir-1 (previously known as nsy-2) encodes a conserved post-synaptic protein that specifies the choice between AWC(OFF) and AWC(ON). G...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in sensing wide array of microbial signatures and induction of innate immunity. TLR2 in fish resembles higher eukaryotes by sensing peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of bacterial cell wall and zymosan of yeasts. However, in fish TLR2, no study yet describes the ligand binding motifs in the leucine rich repeat regions (LRRs) of the extracel...

The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a protein-protein interaction domain that is found in both animal and plant immune receptors. The N-terminal TIR domain from the nucleotide-binding (NB)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) class of plant disease-resistance (R) proteins has been shown to play an important role in defence signalling. Recently, the crystal structure of the TIR domain from flax...

objective: escherichia coli (e.coli) o157:h7 is one of the most important pathogenic causes of hemorrhagic colitis in humans. cattle are the main reservoirs of this bacteria and vaccination is a key mechanism for its control. the intimin, translocated intimin receptor (tir), and espa proteins are virulence factors expressed by the lee locus of enterohemorrhagic e. coli. espa protein is a member...