odor emission is a common environmental problem in septic tank. the feasibility of using trickling filter to eliminate the malodorous gases from the septic tank was studied. a trickling filter is set up at the outlet of the waste gases of the septic tank, which was attached to the university's cafeteria. in this investigation, the trickling filter system was used, measuring the hydrogen sulfide...

INTRODUCTION Rats initially fear humans which can increase stress and impact study results. Additionally, studying positive affective states in rats has proved challenging. Rat tickling is a promising habituation technique that can also be used to model and measure positive affect. However, current studies use a variety of methods to achieve differential results. Our objective was to systematic...

A quick guide to tickling, a form of laughter-evoking play that can be considered as an index of agency, with a discussion of its taxonomic distribution and its possible relationship to traditional measures of self-recognition.

were first studied by Zotterman in cats and suggested that knismesis is carried in part by pain fibers (21). C-fibers, unmyelinated afferents, are putatively involved in pleasurable touch in rodents (22). Central mechanisms of tickling were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in human brains (9); that study, which used tickling stimuli evoking knismesis and observedsoma...

Laughter is highly relevant for social interaction in human beings and non-human primates. In humans as well as in non-human primates laughter can be induced by tickling. Human laughter, however, has further diversified and encompasses emotional laughter types with various communicative functions, e.g. joyful and taunting laughter. Here, it was evaluated if this evolutionary diversification of ...

Emotions can bias human decisions- for example depressed or anxious people tend to make pessimistic judgements while those in positive affective states are often more optimistic. Several studies have reported that affect contingent judgement biases can also be produced in animals. The animals, however, cannot self-report; therefore, the valence of their emotions, to date, could only be assumed....