Thyroid ophthalmopathy, or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is the most common cause of exophthalmos in adults. Graves first described thyroid disease with associated ophthalmopathy in 1835. To date, the pathogenesis of thyroid ophthalmopathy remains speculative, as reflected by the numerous names by which it is described such as dysthyroid ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease, thyroid orbitopathy, eut...

we determined the frequency of clinical thyroid ophthalmopathy in iranian patients. this cross-sectional study was performed at the endocrinology institute of tehran university of medical sciences. all patients with documented thyroid disorders from september 2003 to july 2005 were recruited. eye examinations included evaluation of soft tissue changes, measurement of proptosis, lid width, lagop...

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy is a constellation of symptoms caused by an autoimmune process involving the orbital tissue. It is common in hyperthyroid patients due to Graves' disease and also reported in euthyroid and hypothyroid Graves' patients with positive thyroid receptor antibodies. But in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid associated ophthalmopathy is a rarely reported and poorly unde...

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a thyroid hormone imbalance thatmanifests in the eye. The most common TAO Grave’s Disease. could increase theintraocular pressure and cause glaucoma optic neuropathy therefore secondaryglaucoma happen.

about 25-50% of graves' disease (gd) patients develop thyroid eye diseases, which is associated with inflammatory process and abnormalities in the levels of several cytokines in orbital tissues in gd.  the aim of this study was to determine the th1 and th2 serum cytokines in patients with gd with or without ophthalmopathy. serum  levels of  cytokines  and  autoantibodies  including interferon-g...

purpose: to evaluate the prevalence and severity of ophthalmic manifestations of graves’ disease in the mashhad university of medical sciences endocrine clinics . methods: in a multicenter prospective-descriptive study, patients with graves' disease that were being followed in mashhad university of medical sciences endocrine clinics were recruited for the study, from december 2002 to septe...

Azathioprine is used in the treatment of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, but its effectiveness has not been evaluated. In the present study 20 patients with moderately severe ophthalmopathy were recruited; 10 patients received azathioprine and the other 10 matched patients served as controls. During the treatment period (lasting 1 year) and 1 year later, no changes were detected in exophthal...

In patients with thyroid disease, ocular involvement or thyroid ophthalmopathy is common, irrespective of their thyroid status. A common feature of thyroid eye disease is eyelid retraction, which leads to a classical starry gaze (Kocher sign). Treatment with radioactive iodine (RAI) is a known therapy for hyperthyroidism. However, this treatment may lead to or worsen thyroid ophthalmopathy. We ...

Background. To investigate the influence of previous exposure to elevated thyroid hormones in euthyroid Graves' ophthalmopathy. Design. Retrospective, observational case series in university setting Median follow-up of 1 year with ranges of 0,8-7,6 years. Study performance of 10 years. Participants. We reviewed the clinical records of 731 Graves' ophthalmopathy patients. There were 88 (12%) pat...

Hashitoxicosis is generally differentiated from Graves' hyperthyroidism by its shorter course and absence of ophthalmopathy. In this case report, we describe an adolescent girl who presented with significant clinical findings of hyperthyroidism, a diffuse goiter with homogenously increased uptake in scintigraphy, and with ocular findings of ophthalmopathy. The thyroid stimulating hormone recept...