In 1822, Thomas Seebeck, an Estonian physician, accidentally joined semicircular pieces of bismuth and copper (Figure 1) while studying thermal effects on galvanic arrangements. A nearby compass indicated a magnetic disturbance. Seebeck experimented repeatedly with different metal combinations at various temperatures, noting relative magnetic fi eld strengths. Curiously, he did not believe that...

OBJECTIVE Examine thermocouple model uncertainty (reliability+validity). DESIGN First, a 3x3 repeated measures design with independent variables electrothermometers and thermocouple model. Second, a 1x3 repeated measures design with independent variable subprobe. INTERVENTION Three electrothermometers, 3 thermocouple models, a multi-sensor probe and a mercury thermometer measured a stable w...

Some thermocouple experiments were carried out in order to obtain sensitivity of thermocouple readings to fluctuations in flames and to determine if the average thermocouple reading was representative of the local volume temperature for fluctuating flames. The thermocouples considered were an exposed junction thermocouple and a fully sheathed thermocouple with comparable time constants. Either ...

Obtaining accurate temperature measurements with thermocouples in flame environments is challenging due to the effects of radiative heat losses, as these losses are difficult to quantify. Efforts to minimize radiative losses by, for example, suction pyrometry often result in a significant sacrifice in spatial resolution. In this work, a new experimental methodology is presented that both minimi...

Analytical, numerical and experimental analyses have been performed to investigate the effects of thermocouple wire electrical insulation on the temperature measurement of a reference surface. Two diameters of type K thermocouple, 80 mm and 200 mm, with different exposed wire lengths (0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm and 20 mm) were used to measure various surface temperatures (4 C, 8 C, 15 C, 25 C and...

A detailed theoretical analysis of the operation of thermocouple probes used to determine absolute sound levels or acoustic absorption coefficients is presented. The probe consists of a thermocouple imbedded in a sound absorbing medium which closely matches in density and sound velocity the medium in which the sound level is to be determined. In use the transducer which generates the acoustic f...

Unlike the transient response of a fluidimmersed thermocouple, and in contrast to common belief, the time response of a solid-embedded thermocouple is far from being similar to that of a first-order process. The current study arises from efforts to characterize the transient response of a solid-embedded thermocouple as a result of a steplike temperature change of the measured domain. Results of...

− This contribution describes the procedure of evaluating the calibration of thermocouple by means of its comparison with the thermocouple standard. In the process of thermocouple calibration by means of comparison, the resulting uncertainty specified by applying the generalized procedure for evaluating the calibration of measuring devices with continuous scale. The advantage of this method of ...

An In₂O₃/ITO thin film thermocouple was prepared via screen printing. Glass additives were added to improve the sintering process and to increase the density of the In₂O₃/ITO films. The surface and cross-sectional images indicate that both the grain size and densification of the ITO and In₂O₃ films increased with the increase in annealing time. The thermoelectric voltage of the In₂O₃/ITO thermo...