background and objectives: typhoid is a major health problem faced by the developing countries like pakistan. more than 20 million cases are reported annually worldwide. currently fluoroquinolones are the drugs of choice to treat typhoid fever. in vivo resistance to fluoroquinolones leading to therapeutic failure is developing rapidly and is becoming a major concern for the clinicians. the obje...

introduction percutaneous nephrolithotomy (pcnl) is a standard, safe, and efficient method for removing large renal calculi. despite development of endourologic equipment, complications of the pcnl are still prevalent. even though therapeutic modalities such as mini-micro pcnl have been developed in recent years, the complications are a serious concern yet. the most important complication is he...

Heart failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is proving to be an economic burden in developing countries. A number of therapeutic agents are presently employed in heart failure; but they are not sufficient to control symptoms of heart failure. Moreover, the prevalence of chronic heart failure is progressively increasing and thus there is a continuing need to develop effecti...