This essay explores the development of Tillich’s writings on relationship between divine providence and suffering, his approach to theodicy. First, I attend various stations early life earliest in genres. Here we see instrumental-pedagogical theodicies student days preaching give way an increased emphasis suffering God. However, unlike many twentieth century theologies Tillich retains a strong ...

In the article, I present main assumptions of natural-order theodicy and free-will defended by William Hasker. Next, pose question whether Hasker’s theodicies are compatible with Christian doctrine continuous creation accepted Hasker himself. consider several different ways how can be understood difficulties associated them. Finally, propose a modified conception claim that it is consistent the...

In recent decades, philosophers and theologians have become increasingly aware of the extent animal pain suffering, both past present, challenge this poses to God’s goodness justice. As a result, great deal effort has been devoted discussion development theodicies, that is, theodicies aim offer morally sufficient reasons for suffering are in fact reasons. paper, I ask whether there is need go e...

It is widely acknowledged among those philosophers and theologians who have given the matter much thought that the fact of animal suffering challenges Theism in a distinctive way. Standard attempts to reconcile human suffering with a perfectly powerful and benevolent deity don’t seem to apply easily to the case of animals. Animals can hardly be said to deserve their suffering or be morally impr...