the author intend to by studying the historical causes of the appearance of the novation in the west and explanation of its legal nature from past to present of french law, proves on the one hand that the novation does not extracted from the french civil code and in the shiite jurisprudence with quite similar terms even before the enactment of iranian civil code, was considered by the shiite su...

abstract when in administrative law the matter of administrative offences are raised, these offences would have legal nature if they are force able, some of these offences are related to administrative law, where as some other pelts are common in civil or penal law. the current research intends not only to consider the concept and foundation of administrative execution rules but also compares...

  Negligence of non-doctor Medical team May lead to money, body and spiritual damages to Sick and his relatives.   In Iranian legal system, committer of body incident or injury is recognized as an offender and will have criminal liability and because of this reason in body damages, civil liability is considered less than criminal liability. In some cases because of impossibility of start of cri...

The Rotterdam Rules, among the international maritime transport conventions, was the first one that assigned one chapter to the obligations and liabilities of the shipper, and invented the new concept of documentary shipper. Since the concept of documentary shipper is invented for the first time in the Rotterdam Rules, in this paper, has been raised the legal status of the documentary shipper a...

abstract the problems caused by the traditional system of criminal justice (which are based on remuneration and rehabilitation) such as, lack of attention to victim’s rights and position and society, underlie the emergence of restorative justice which had the victim-centered perspective, with respect to the role of the offender and participation of civil society. meanwhile, criminal mediation ...

Compensation for damages caused by medical accidents is one of the important issues that have led to the transformation of social life into responsibility. The increasing number of accidents caused by medical practices and the consequent increase in casualties to patients makes it more than necessary to investigate the issue. While the legal system of some countries, including France, has taken...

This research has tried to scrutinize an important issue that is Civil liability of physicians for emergency patients (under its comparative form) for the first time in our legal literature. To achieve this the civil liability of physicians for emergency patients is examined from two perspectives A)civil liability for doctors who refuse to treat or leave emergency rescue. B)Civil responsibility...