background: nanoparticles have become one of the leading technologies over the past two years. the extensive use of nanoparticles has raised great concern about their occupational fate and biological effects. with an increase in the production and use of nanomaterial, it is more likely to get exposed to them occupationally and environmentally. objective: to assess the toxicity of silver nanopar...

1. The effects of five different tetrazolium salts on oxidative phosphorylation in rat-liver mitochondria have been investigated. 2. In all cases the mitochondria were uncoupled by very low concentrations of the tetrazolium salts. Further, the transition from a system just exhibiting respiratory control to one in which the mitochondria were totally uncoupled has been shown to occur over very sm...

Formazan-based colorimetric cytotoxicity assays, such as the MTT assay, are typically used to assess cell viability with only metabolically active cells reducing tetrazolium salts into the formazans, which is then quantified by absorbance. Fluorescence offers several advantages compared to colorimetric assays and would enable techniques such as flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to be used ...

Tetrazolium salts are biologically active molecules that have found broad applications in biochemical assays. A regioselective synthesis of tetrazolium salts is described through a formal (3 + 2) cycloaddition. The possibility of employing simple amides and azides as starting material and the mild conditions allow a broad functional group tolerance.

Tetrazolium dyes have often been used as electron acceptors in measurements of cell proliferation rates (Berridge and Tan, 1993; Ishiyama, et al., 1993; Berridge, et al., 1996), in histochemical procedures (Zamudio, et al., 1969; May, et al., 1995b; Demehin, et al., 2001), and for assaying redox enzymes (Berridge and Tan, 1993; Mittler and Zilinskas, 1993; Debnam and Shearer, 1997; Ye, et al., ...

With the increased use of tetrazolium salts in biological systems (l-20), and with the increased availability of tetrazolium salts with widely different oxidation-reduction potentials (3-5, 11, 14, 32), differences in the effect of anaerobiosis on the reaction rate (3, 6, 9, 10, 16, lQ), in the effect of disrupting influences such as freeze-thawing or section thinness (6, 10, 16, lQ), and in th...

We describe a procedure for assay of diaphorase activity in commercial purified preparations and in clinical chemical reagents by use of iodonitrotetrazolium chloride or other tetrazolium salts. The method is based on measurement of the formazan produced by enzymic reduction of tetrazolium salts in the presence of NADH. The assay procedure has been optimized for linear kinetics, simplicity of o...

Allen, Emma G. (Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, N.Y.). Use of tetrazolium salts for electron transport studies in meningopneumonitis. I. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide system. J. Bacteriol. 90:1505-1512. 1965.-Purified preparations of meningopneumonitis virus (MP) prepared from allantoic fluids of infected chick embryo reduce several tetrazolium salts in the presence of reduced n...

ÖZ E T Bu çalışmada tetrazolyum tuzları ve formazanların yapıları tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca formazan-tetrazolyum sistemlerinin önemi ve kullanım alanları açıklanmıştır. Formazanların sahip oldukları conjugate p-system kaynaklanan tautomerleşme özellikleri ve geometrik izomerleri incelenmiştir. Bu bileşiklerin en yaygın kullanılan sentezleri ve yapılarının açıklanmasında önemli olan UV-visible, IR ...

Tetrazolium salts have proved useful as indicators of electron transfer. Compounds such as triphenyltetrazolium chloride' are more practical than indicators like methylene blue since they are converted from a soluble colorless salt to an insoluble formazan in the reduced state. They also provide similar convenience in detecting enzymatic activity and specific sites of such activity (Bielig, Kau...