among the most important jewish encounters with other cultures and civilizations, the encounter with islamic culture was, in our view, the most important. this encounter was in some aspects like their encounter with the ancient civilization, but the impacts were more valuable and constructive. under islamic rule, the jews not only had a sense of security but also enjoyed a relatively satisfacto...

ash'ari and the moste of mu'tazilite blive on the people must determine imam. based on their interpretation of this, there is two facts: first, the legal obligation is the religious necessity, not rational necessity, and secondly it is a task people not duty to god in this article we have tried to show the shi'te arguments on determine imam is a duty to god not people. such as: 1...

As Christians and Muslims encountered each other in the Middle East from beginning of Islam 7th century CE onward, theology was not only a field setting boundaries to distinguish one’s own community but also an area mutual influence between communities. This article analyzes two letters Syriac patriarch Timothy I (d. 823), both which have apologetic agenda at same time demonstrate Timothy’s...

Among the most important Jewish encounters with other cultures and civilizations, the encounter with Islamic culture was, in our view, the most important. This encounter was in some aspects like their encounter with the ancient civilization, but the impacts were more valuable and constructive. Under Islamic rule, the Jews not only had a sense of security but also enjoyed a relatively satisfacto...

iran, between third to fifth centuries ad, witnessed one of the urbanization boom periods in his history. in this period, iranian towns were capable of commodity exchange and  manufacturing  products. in this context, growth of knowledge and rationalism , moderation in politics, community participation, growth and development of the intellectual trends and movements caused rationality and reaso...