one of the main concerns of teachers in modern learner-centered approaches is whether published teaching materials can meet the needs of students at a particular leaning situation or the teachers ought to prepare their own materials. this dilemma gets worse when the teaching situation includes a textbook prescribed by an authority such as the ministry of education. in such cases, the teacher ha...

This paper investigates service provisions in community languages offered by Manchester City Council and agencies working alongside to find out whether there is an explicit language policy in Manchester, how such a policy is formulated, how it functions, and how it is reflected in education. Data was collected through interviews with different personnel in MCC, focus group discussions with comm...