the year 736 ah (1335 ce), death of the mongol ruler, sultan abu saeed, is known as the year in which the ilkhanid government collapsed in iran. in pursuit of legitimacy, however, the ilkhanid chiefs and viziers would give the crown to any claimant of genghis’ parentage and would govern the country under their name. as a result, they would give the rulership to some puppet ilkhans, mint coins i...

Faisal SHAHZAD*, Muhammad ABDULLAH, Abdul Shakoor CHAUDHRY, Abu Saeed HASHMI, Jalees Ahmed BHATTI, Makhdum Abdul JABBAR, Hafiz Muhammad ALI, Tauseef Ur REHMAN, Farah ALI, Mian Muhammad Khubaib SATTAR, Fayyaz AHMED, Irfan IRSHAD University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan Department of Livestock Production, University of Veteri...

focus of narration is the perspective on which the author or narrator looks at his story. analysis of “focus of narration” and narrative techniques get an important role to discover consistent and accurate narrative structure in fiction. the gerard genette¢s theory of “narrative focus” is one of the techniques through which one can understand the ability of an author to form and shape his work’...

Kajian ini secara khusus bertujuan mengkaji relasi kuasa Sultan Palembang (Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II) pada abad XIX dan Banten Abu Al-Mahasin) XVII di wilayah Lampung berdasarkan piyagĕm Natayuda dalung Bojong. membahas tentang bentuk pesan-pesan politis II Al-Mahasin dalam kaitannya dengan pendekatan yang dilakukan oleh kedua kesultanan tersebut kepada masyarakat Lampung. Berdasarkan hasil a...

Trees are among the most fundamental and ubiquitous structures in mathematics. Tree languages and automata on trees have been studied extensively since the 1960s from both a purely mathematical and application point of view. When trees are defined as terms, universal algebra becomes directly applicable to tree automata and, on the other hand, the theory of tree automata suggests new notions and...

Biographical notes: Faisal Saeed is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia. He received his BSc in Computers (Information Technology) from Cairo University, Egypt, MSc in Information Technology Management and PhD in Computer Science from UTM, Malaysia. His research interests are machine learning, data minin...

muslim mystics have turned to political issues relying on both unity and plurality criteria.  they have explained the characteristics of a mystic politician emphasizing the necessity of mysticism for politicians and even the necessity of politics for mystics. taking a social viewpoint, the early sufis, paid a particular attention to this important matter in their speech and behavior, and invite...

Kerajaan Johor merupakan sebuah kerajaan Melayu yang memiliki sejarah panjang. Sejak ditubuhkan pada tahun 1528, direkodkan telah diperintah oleh tiga wangsa berbeza, iaitu Sultan, Bendahara dan Temenggung menyaksikan setiap peralihan kuasa tersebut dilatari dengan peristiwa sejarahnya kompleks. Meskipun perjalanan berkesinambungan dari Kesultanan Melaka ini tidak sunyi hiruk-pikuk pergeseran p...