existence of suffering in life is undeniable. but, why does suffering exist? what is its cause? are there any meanings for this life? is it possible to escape from suffering? dostoyevsky, who believes that suffering is an inherent element of human life, tries to represent the problem of suffering and men's reactions to it in his works. he believes that not only suffering does exist, but al...

Abstract Nagasawa has argued that the suffering associated with evolution presents a greater challenge to atheism than theism because evil is incompatible ‘existential optimism’ about world – seeing as an overall good place, and being thankful we exist. I argue even if was existential optimism in this way, no threat atheism. Moreover, it unclear how could on its own undermine optimism. Links be...

among the modern methods propounded in linguistics in which they scientifically study the concept and is called semantics. in semantics, the meanings of words are explained via discovering the semantic field of words based on their relations in the semantic networks. in the context of the verses of holy quran, by help of this method, they research for the meanings of quran words. the concept of...

Evidential atheism, as espoused by various philosophical atheists, recommends belief that God does not exist on the basis of not just the evidence of which we are aware, but also our overall available evidence. This article identifies a widely neglected problem from potential surprise evidence that undermines an attempt to give a cogent justification of such evidential atheism. In addition, it ...

Although most people are religious, there are hundreds of millions of religious disbelievers in the world. What is religious disbelief and how does it arise? Recent developments in the scientific study of religious beliefs and behaviors point to the conclusion that religious disbelief arises from multiple interacting pathways, traceable to cognitive, motivational, and cultural learning mechanis...