during a very long period of time, civil engineers have been the only ones to be designated as the experts for underground space, while the planners and architects were the ones of the development at the surface. cities worldwide tend to overlook an invaluable asset that lies beneath their surfaces. most cities and urban regions are unaware of the benefits underground space use has to offer, bo...

Conventional material removal of BK7 optical glass will normally result in brittle fracture at the surface, generating severe subsurface damage and poor surface finish. Subsurface damages induced by grinding strongly influence the mechanical strength and optical quality of optical glasses. However, through ductile mode grinding it is possible to reduce the surface and subsurface cracks. It is m...

Conventional material removal of BK7 optical glass will normally result in brittle fracture at the surface, generating severe subsurface damage and poor surface finish. Subsurface damages induced by grinding strongly influence the mechanical strength and optical quality of optical glasses. However, through ductile mode grinding it is possible to reduce the surface and subsurface cracks. It is m...

" The nation's current approach to managing the use of ocean resources is ad hoc and fragmented, with no systematic way to evaluate competing ocean uses and to inform and navigate the often difficult trade-off decisions they require. The nation needs a 'comprehensive, integrated, ecosystem-based' framework for coastal and marine spatial planning that " addresses conserva-T he dramatic run-up in...

information accompanied with the technology supporting it is valuable asset in many organizations. as organizations are highly depended on it, implementing it effective governance is necessary for them. it governance areas affecting business are strategic alignment, risk management, performance management, resource management and providing value.  successful performances need a mix of structure...