in case a legal system is faced with a question which has contacts with other legal systems and it’s conflict of law rules determine a foreign law as applicable law, application of this foreign law may be confronted with several problems such as impossibility to prove foreign law, inexistence of process or authority determined by foreign law and un-reasonability of the application of foreign la...

according to the articles 169 to 179 of the civil judgment enforcement law, the enforcement of the foreign judgment in the iranian law is based on the reciprocal act. but extension of international relations in the world today, above all in the commercial domain, requires that enforcement of foreign judgment be accepted after obtaining its correctness conditions based on res judicata. therefore...

globalization and increasing political, economic and cultural relations among different countries’ people have resulted in many legal effects. one of the important results of these relations is the increase of disputes among people in the world that forums must apply a foreign law to settle them. certainly, iranian forums have dealt with such cases. although the proof of foreign law as a questi...

this article aims to explain enforcement procedure and conditions in turkey. international private and civil procedure law of turkey and turkish procedure law are the main laws governing the procedure of enforcement of foreign judgments in turkey. in this article, we’ll guide our readers based on the provisions of these laws. it is also important to note that turkey ratified convention on the r...

when the victim contributes to the damage, the apportionment of liability is necessary, and the amount of compensation awarded to the victim should be reduced. also, when more than one person injures someone, the liability must be divided between them. but the problem is that how to apportion liability? should the liability be apportioned equally or different? and if the latter is true, how the...

This paper analyzes the existing asymmetry in the US corporate tax law governing the determination of foreign tax credits earned by US firms with foreign subsidiaries. The existing asymmetry results in the US government de facto holding foreign currency put options against US firms with foreign subsidiaries. Combined with the exchange rate volatility, this tax law asymmetry reduces the effectiv...

Many U.S. banks have tried to take advantage of and contribute to economic growth in developing countries by establishing branches in foreign nations.' When political and economic conditions become unstable, foreign governments have on occasion expropriated the branches' assets. Depositors unable to withdraw their funds because of the expropriation may attempt to recover from the U.S. bank's ho...

While import-substituting industrialization policy constitute the basis for the industrialization strategies of the 1960s and 1970s in Turkey, this policy was no longer sustainable by the 1980s. For this reason, export-oriented industrialization policy was adopted with the decisions taken on January 24, 1980. In other words, the post-1980 period, Turkey's economy has adopted outwardoriented ind...