in the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. in this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. however, no positive results obtain...

results all variables reached a peak at 1 minute post-jump. salivary alpha-amylase, galvanic skin responses and heart rate did not return to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump, while cortisol returned to basal value at 90 minutes post-jump. conclusions this evidence indicates that parachute jumping is accompanied by a dissociation of sns and hpa response patterns in novice parachutists, showin...

depression is a mental disorder that results from changes in the central nervous system (cns) that may result from immunological abnormalities. according to the world health organization, major depression will become the leading cause of disability worldwide. accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. the...

objective: the aims of this study were to determine the frequency of urinary and fecal incontinence and their determinants in pre-menopausal and menopausal women in iran. materials and methods: this one-year cross-sectional study was performed on 304 women aged 40-55 who were admitted to women's clinic at imam khomeini hospital. symptoms of urinary, gas, and fecal incontinence and pelvic organs...

early life events influence life-long patterns of emotionality and stress responsiveness and alter the rate of brain and body aging.  much research attention has focused on the programming effects of the hypothalamus pituitary axis (hpa) in early life and on understanding hpa function in response to stressors in adulthood. in comparison, there has been relatively little research on adolescence,...

objective(s): hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and apoptosis have key roles in pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. there are local renin-angiotensin systems (rass) in different tissues such as neural tissue. local rass are involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, proliferation and apoptosis. this study aimed to investigate the role of local renin-angioten...

restraint-induced stress (rs) increases histamine concentration in the brain. there is no previous report regarding the role of histamine receptors in immunomodulatory effect of rs. in the present study the role of brain histamine receptors on reduction of humoral and cellular immune function induced by rs was evaluated. for this purpose male wistar rats (200-250 g) were immunized with sheep re...