exposure buildup factors have been calculated by monte carlo method for point isotropic gamma ray sources, penetrating a two-layer spherical shield of water surrounded by lead, and the effect of bremsstrahlung radiation on buildup factors has, in particular, been investigated, the results of which are in good agreement with previous works. the buildup factors were then calculated for various co...

introduction the purpose of this study was to evaluate personal shields in radiation departments of hospitals affiliated to mashhad university of medical sciences. materials and methods first, the information related to 109 personal shields was recorded and evaluated by imaging equipment. afterwards, the equivalent lead thickness (elt) of 62 personal shields was assessed, using dosimeter and st...

Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate personal shields in radiation departments of hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods First, the information related to 109 personal shields was recorded and evaluated by imaging equipment. Afterwards, the equivalent lead thickness (ELT) of 62 personal shields was assessed, using dosimeter and st...

We present Tempest, a synthesis tool to automatically create correct-by-construction reactive systems and shields from qualitative or quantitative specifications in probabilistic environments. A shield is special type of system used for run-time enforcement; i.e., enforces given specification running while interfering with its operation as little possible. Shields that enforce are called safety...

introduction lead-based shields are the most widely used attenuators in x-ray and gamma ray fields. the heavy weight, toxicity and corrosion of lead have led researchers towards the development of non-lead shields. materials and methods the purpose of this study was to design multi-layered shields for protection against x-rays and gamma rays in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. in this...