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To some naturalists, Mastigias medusae in marine lakes, Palau, symbolize the evolutionary process (Faulkner, 1974). In the first scientific publication on marine lake Mastigias, Hamner & Hauri (1981) suggested that different long-distance horizontal migrations and different morphologies among populations isolated in three different lakes ‘might be considered of specific or subspecific importanc...

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by dream-enacting behavior and vivid, action-filled or unpleasant dreams and presents a risk for self-injury and harm to others (e.g., a bed partner) due to abnormal REM sleep during which control of muscle tonus is lacking. Polysomnography is required to establish the diagnosis and represents the diagnostic gold standard for revea...

Viruses that infect cells by uptake through endosomes have generally evolved to "sense" the local pH as part of the mechanism by which they penetrate into the cytosol. Even for the very well studied fusion proteins of enveloped viruses, identification of the specific pH sensor has been a challenge, one that has now been met successfully, for flaviviruses, by Fritz et al. (Fritz, R., K. Stiasny,...

In this study, the extraction parameters of Pinus brutia bark were optimized using a hybrid artificial intelligence technique. Firstly, samples extracted by ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted which are defined as ‘green’ methods at different conditions. The selected for 0:100; 20:80; 40:60; 80:20 (%) ethanol: water ratios; 40 ºC, 60 °C temperatures 5 min, 10 15 20 min times 90, 18...