objective(s):the relationship between tramadol, as an antinociceptive drug, and locus coeruleus (lc), the main noradrenergic nucleus of the brain that affects regulation and modulation of pain through descending noradrenergic pathways was investigated. materials and methods: male sprague-dawley rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats. the rats were fixed in stereotaxic instrument and then...

haphazard and inconclusive. There were other methodologic obstacles to be overcome as well, such as tissue hardening, sectioning, and staining, but imprecise experimentation was the great deterrent. Writing of the nineteenth century, that towering medical historian, Max Neuburger (1868-1955), stressed "In its efforts to attain precision, medical science...has achieved a 'rebuilding from the ver...

This protocol includes the designs and software necessary to upgrade an existing stereotaxic instrument to a robotic (CNC) stereotaxic instrument for around $1,000 (excluding a drill), using industry standard stepper motors and CNC controlling software. Each axis has variable speed control and may be operated simultaneously or independently. The robot's flexibility and open coding system (g-cod...

Objective(s):The relationship between tramadol, as an antinociceptive drug, and locus coeruleus (LC), the main noradrenergic nucleus of the brain that affects regulation and modulation of pain through descending noradrenergic pathways was investigated. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups of 10 rats. The rats were fixed in stereotaxic instrument and then...

The use of the dog as an experimental animal in neuro-and psyehopharmacologieal studies is increasing because many drugs affect the dog in a manner similar to that of man. At least two stereo-taxic atlases of the mongrel and/or beagle dog already have been published (Leontovich and Meting 1956; Lim et al. 1959) and several others are in the planning stage. Hume and Ganong (1956) have described ...

The spatial locations of several forebrain and midbrain fibre tracts have been compared across seven commonly used inbred, hybrid and outbred mouse strains using a series of electrolytic lesions of known positions with respect to a stereotaxic instrument. Highly significant genetic variation was found in the position of lambda, bregma and several major fibre tracts with respect to interaural ze...