In the fall of 1999, two types of impact sprinklers were evaluated to determine the distribution of precipitation under normal operating conditions. The sprinkler types included a traditional round-patterned design (Rain Bird Maxi-Bird) and a recently developed sprinkler delivering water in a square pattern, called Square Shooter. The squarepatterned sprinkler was more precise in delivering a u...

Fixed Sprinklers (Concealed or Pop-up) This type of system has not been used on golf courses because the makers have never been able to convince the golf clubs that these systems are practicable. Hence it is the specialized makers of golf course sprinkling equipment who are the first to develop concealed-fixed position sprinklers for golf courses. At this writing, "Billy" Bell is installing ele...

Three low-volume mini-sprinklers were tested for their efficacy to strip trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from water. Deionized water spiked with TCE and PCE was pumped for approximately 1 h at 0.19 to 0.21 MPa (28 to 30 lb in(-2)) through a mini-sprinkler supported on top of a 1.8-m-tall riser. Water was collected in collection vessels at 0.61 and 1.22 m above the ground o...

Abstract Wood is commonly used in construction, but often perceived as being less safe than structures made from non-combustible materials. With the advancement of wood products and treatment, construction techniques, protective systems, this may not be case any longer. Using retrospective data fire departments across Canada, study aimed to determine whether type material (combustible or non-co...

A comparative study of two types of spray sprinklers was performed. Rotating spray plate sprinklers (RSPS) and fixed spray plate sprinklers (FSPS) were evaluated individually in open field conditions. The water distribution, wind drift and evaporation losses during the evaluations were measured under low, medium and high wind speed conditions with three nozzle diameters and two nozzle heights a...

Home fires account for 85% of fire deaths in the United States, the majority in 1- or 2-family homes lacking fire sprinklers. Since 1978, however, a grassroots movement has successfully promoted more than 360 local ordinances mandating sprinklers in all new residential construction, including 1- and 2-family homes. The homebuilding industry has responded by seeking state preemption of local aut...