total of 270 quail fertile eggs were set in hatchery. experimental groups including: negative control (neither received probiotic treatment nor challenged by salmonella), positive control (challenged by salmonella but not probiotic treatment) and 7 in hatchery administration methods: in ovo injection, spray, oral gavage, cloacal drinking (cloacal inoculation), cloacal drinking – in ovo injectio...

the effects of various routes of probiotic administration on performance, small intestine morphology and serum cholesterol of broiler chickens, were studied. we assigned 225 day old chicks (ross 308) to five experimental groups including control and four hatchery administration methods comprised of in ovo injection, oral gavage, spray application and cloacal inoculation. all of these were chall...

probiotics are beneficial microorganisms which will be considered as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters.the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic administration in hatchery on performance, blood parameters and immune response of broilers. three hundereds 1-d-old male chicks (ross 308) were assigned to five experimental groups of three replications. birds o...

Introduction: Cloacal malformation is an extremely rare fetal pathological condition but an important anomaly that presents as a variety of defects. It predominantly affects females, with prevalence of 1 in 50,000 births. Prenatal ultrasonography usually showed oligohydramnios and the fetus having a large cystic mass in the lower abdomen with a single septum, bilateral hydronephrosis, ambig...

BACKGROUND During normal development in human and other placental mammals, the embryonic cloacal cavity separates along the axial longitudinal plane to give rise to the urethral system, ventrally, and the rectum, dorsally. Defects in cloacal development are very common and present clinically as a rectourethral fistula in about 1 in 5,000 live human births. Yet, the cellular mechanisms of cloaca...

We present the first experimental evidence that a bird is capable of evaporating enough water from the cloaca to be important for thermoregulation. We measured rates of evaporation occurring from the mouth, the skin, and the cloaca of Inca doves Columbina inca Lesson and Eurasian quail Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus. Inca doves showed no significant increase in cutaneous evaporation in response to ...

Cloacae were examined from salamanders representing the three families in which fertilization of eggs is known or inferred to occur externally. The cloacae of male and female sirenids are aglandular and lack cilia. Sexual dimorphism in sirenid cloacae occurs only in the extent of epithelial stratification in the cloacal chamber in females (entire chamber) versus males (posterior angle of the ve...