data on the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on learning and memory processes are not consistent. in the present study, the effects of citalopram, a very potent and completely selective inhibitor of the serotonin reuptake on spatial discrimination in the t-maze and morris water maze, were assessed in mice and/or rats. animals received different doses of citalopram (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 mg/k...

introduction: exposure to 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (mdma) could lead to serotonergic system toxicity in the brain. this system is responsible for learning and memory functions. studies show that mdma causes memory impairment dose-dependently and acutely. the present study was designed to evaluate the chronic and acute effects of mdmd on spatial memory and acquisition of passive avoid...

introduction: previous studies have suggested that the cerebellum is a primary site of motor learning. the cerebellar cortex has a particular glial architecture with large astroglial cells. in addition, more recent works have revealed that astrocytes play a more active role in neuronal activity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of rat's ...

background and objective: tamoxifen is one of the selective estrogen receptor modulators that exerts estrogen / anti-estrogen effects in various tissues. this study was done to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of tamoxifen on spatial memory and passive avoidance task in adult male wistar rats. methods: in this experimental study, 48 adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into...

introduction: it has been reported that oral morphine dependency facilitated formation of spatial learning and memory. in the present study the role of nmda receptors located in hippocampal ca1 area of morphine dependent rats was studied. methods: male rats were divided into 4 groups. two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the hippocampal ca1 area. after 5 days recovery, a...

background: sex steroids and their receptors exist in hippocampus and affect spatial learning and memory. this study was designed to measure testosterone level of ca1 and to assess the effect of spatial learning on its amount in left and right hippocampus of adult male rats. methods: sixteen rats were divided into two intact and castrated groups, and then trained in morris water maze (mwm). ano...

background sildenafil (viagra) has been introduced to treat erectile dysfunction by acting as phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor and hence accumulation of guanosine cyclic monophosphate (cgmp). on the other hands, the nitric oxide/cgmp signaling pathway has crucial role in synaptic plasticity processes like long-term potentiation (ltp) in the central nervous system considered as a model of learning ...

introduction: it has been reported that acute administration of morphine impairs learning and memory processes in rats. furthermore, recent studies showed that saffron extract improved ethanol-induced impairments of learning behaviors in mice, and also prevented ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation. it can be postulated that there are some common mechanisms responsib...

introduction: there are evidences showing the role of nitric oxide in the opiate reward properties. the role of nitric oxide signaling pathway as an intracellular mechanism on augmentation of long term potentiation in hippocampal ca1 area of rats is also confirmed. it has been also reported that oral morphine dependence facilitates formation of spatial learning and memory via activation of nmda...

background: cyclooxygenase (cox) enzyme known as a regulatory factor in synaptic plasticity. it has been reported that synaptic plasticity is one of the mechanisms involved in learning and memory processes. in the current study peripheral injection's effects of sodium salicylate (as a non selective cox inhibitor) on spatial learning and memory have been investigated. methods: four groups of mal...