background: recently, reports have indicated a role for the membrane form of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) in asthma pathogenesis. in this study we examined soluble tlr2 levels in serum and sputum of asthmatic and healthy subjects. methods: serum and sputum samples were obtained from 33 asthmatic and 19 healthy subjects. the asthmatics were classified into four groups according to the global init...

Introduction: Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are members of pattern recognition receptors that recognize various molecules, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and dead-associated molecular patterns. These receptors are expressed by immune, non-immune, and tumor cells. Some TLRs are implicated in tumor progression, while others are involved in tumor suppression. Our study aimed to eval...

Background: Recently, reports have indicated a role for the membrane form of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) in asthma pathogenesis. In this study we examined soluble TLR2 levels in serum and sputum of asthmatic and healthy subjects. Methods: Serum and sputum samples were obtained from 33 asthmatic and 19 healthy subjects. The asthmatics were classified into four groups according to the Global I...

Invasive infection with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria often results in septic shock and death. The basis for the earliest steps in innate immune response to Gram-positive bacterial infection is poorly understood. The LPS component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall appears to activate cells via CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. We hypothesized that Gram-positive bac...

External exposed radiation may play an important role in pathogens of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although is thought to arise due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The result is dysregulated immune responses due to alteration in the gut microbiota population and the subsequent development of gut inflammation. It has recently been shown that the effect of ioni...

Toll like receptor (TLR)-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) are able to overcome the inhibitory activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and induce the proliferation of effector T cells. TLR-activated DCs secrete a soluble factor and act directly on Tregs to convert them into interferon γ-secreting TH1-like cells that express the transcription factor T-bet.

external exposed radiation may play an important role in pathogens of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs), although is thought to arise due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. the result is dysregulated immune responses due to alteration in the gut microbiota population and the subsequent development of gut inflammation. it has recently been shown that the effect of ionizing radia...

Recent studies have implicated a family of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLR) in the activation of macrophages by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial products. We have previously shown that different TLR proteins mediate cellular activation by the distinct CD14 ligands Gram-negative bacterial LPS and mycobacterial glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM). Here we show that viable Mycobacterium...