introduction environment is a pervasive platform for all the living creatures, which is exposed to multiple challenges, especially with the increasing rate of urbanization; levels and dimensions of these threats have increased. scientific activities in a publishing form such as reports and articles is an accepted procedure between various scientific fields. documents, reports and articles are s...

In many computer applications areas such as graphics, automated cartography, image processing, and robotics the notion of visibility among objects modeled as polygons is a recurring theme. This paper is concerned with the visibility of a simple polygon from one of its edges. Three natural definitions of the visibility of a polygon from an edge are presented. The following computational problem ...

with a picture group pattern of IBBPBBPBBPBB. (MPEG encodings contain three types of frames, I, P, and B, that vary in size and importance.) The pattern 100000000000 requests that only the I-frames be prefetched. The pattern 100100100100 requests both Iframes and P-frames. Patterns can be of arbitrary length. For example, 100100100100100100100000 requests all Iframes and five of every six P-fra...

The current situation of world’s environmental issues, indicates that not only the man-made environmental damages have not been diminished, but also has given rise to more acute issues such as water and soil pollution, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, greenhouse phenomena, etc. One of the most prominent effects of urban development on environmental problems caused by solid waste generated in...