abstract to study the effects of four types of mulches including wood chips, municipal compost, sawdust and gravel in three different thicknesses on growth of platanus orientalis during two years, an experiment was conducted in mashhad area with semi-arid climate. the research was conducted as split plot based on a completely randomized block design with four replications. treatments included c...

a r t i c l e i n f o Here we analyze the past and present roles of the five soil-forming factors in USDA Soil Taxonomy. As opposed to the 7th Approximation of 1960, the factorial and genetic approach is clearly present in Soil Taxonomy. Soil climate is the most important factor in Soil Taxonomy. It is used at the highest level to define two of the 12 soil orders: Aridisols, the soils of the dr...

Soil carbon (C) dynamics and sequestration are controlled by interactions of chemical, physical and biological factors. These factors include biomass quantity and quality, physical environment and the biota. Management can alter these factors in ways that alter C dynamics. We have focused on a range of managed sites with documented land use change from agriculture or grassland to forest. Our re...

in this investigation an attempt has been made to study the species composition, distribution and seasonal fluctuation of acarine community (arachnida: acari) in two undisturbed and well-vegetated plots located within padmaja naidu himalayan zoolo-gical park, darjeeling, india. the study continued for three consecutive years (january to december 1999–2001) revealed the presence of 10 acarine ge...

The modulus of a soil is one of the most difficult soil parameters to estimate because it depends on so many factors. Therefore when one says for example:”The modulus of this soil is 10,000 kPa”, one should immediately ask: “What are the conditions associated with this number?” The following is a background on some of the important influencing factors for soil moduli. It is not meant to be a th...

f i rs t part of this letter would be expected to form in Tager's process. Furfural enters into many different types of reactions. One wonders if anyone is able to comprehend all of the possibilities and all of the conditions that might tend to alter the courses of the reactions. We can be sure, however, that some of the products of the reaction between furfural and aniline wi l l be large orga...

this research has been done with the aim of explaining environmental and managerial factors that affects on rangeland vegetation distribution in saral rangelands of kurdistan province. after selecting plant types as working area were done sampling from plant types and determined some of plants parameters such as kind and number of plants and cover percentage. various environmental factors such ...