Infected tissues of roots and leaves of various grasses as well as soil around their rhizosphere were sampled from Fars, Golestan, Isfahan, Khorasan Shomali, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran and Semnan provinces (Iran). Based on morphological characteristics and available keys, four species of Bipolaris including B. austreliensis, B. indica, B. micropus and B. spicifera, four species of Curvularia i...

A lossless dielectric object situated in a lossy dielectric medium (soil) constitutes a void in a conducting background, which can be detected via an electromagnetic-induction (EMI) sensor operating at appropriate frequencies. The electromagnetic character of this void is dependent on the target and soil properties, as well as on the frequency of operation. We utilize the rigorous method of mom...

One of the major field constraints to seed production in safflower has proven tobe soil born pathogens, Phytophthora drechsleri and Pythium ultimum. In order toevaluate the efficiency of a field-laboratory selection method to improve resistanceof safflower against soil born pathogens, Ph. drechsleri and P. ultimum, a two-yearinvestigation was conducted. The results showed that selection is an e...

• Minirhizotron techniques were used to examine root lifespan in Vitis labruscana (Concord grape) for roots born in four different years that varied in rainfall. • Experimental vines were given irrigation (irrigated or not) and canopy pruning treatments (minimal or balanced). Root survival was assessed from 1997 through 2000 and analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Model covariat...

A three-dimensional (3-D) inversion scheme for fixedoffset ground penetrating radar (GPR) is derived that takes into account the loss in the soil and the planar air–soil interface. The forward model of this inversion scheme is based upon the first Born approximation and the dyadic Green function for a two-layer medium. The forward model is inverted using the Tikhonov-regularized pseudo-inverse ...

Irrigation of vegetables during both air and soil-born drought has very positive effect on growth, development and yield. The impact of irrigation on the metabolism of plants is very complex because the increase in soil moisture affects plant physical, chemical and biological properties. Increasing the amount of water in the soil increases its heath capacity. Irrigated (wet) soil is cooler in s...

Pedology was born in the 18th and 19th centuries, when soil was first conceived as a natural body worthy of its own scientific investigation. For well over a century, pedology explored soil as a system developed from a complex of natural processes. By the mid-20th century, however, human activities began to affect substantial global soil changes with influence on the dynamics of the Earth’s env...

2 General Formalism 3 2.1 Single initial state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.3 Initial basis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.4 Initial and final decomposition of the identity . . . . . . . . . . ....