the present research is aimed at investigating how the politeness of the speakers of urdu is influenced by their relative social status in society. the researcher took politeness theory of brown and levinson (1978, 1987) as a model. to observe politeness of urdu speakers, speech act of apology with different strategies was selected. a discourse completion task (dct) was used as an instrument to...

This paper aims to study and examine the value systems among the students region of Islamic Azad universities. The population includes all students in academic year 2008-9 among whom 400 ones were selected from 10 universities as a sample. The students' value hierarchies were examined using Alpourt 45- item questionnaire(A.V.L). Descriptive and t-inferential statistics and multivariate variance...

The present research is aimed at investigating how the politeness of the speakers of Urdu is influenced by their relative social status in society. The researcher took politeness theory of Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) as a model. To observe politeness of Urdu speakers, speech act of apology with different strategies was selected. A Discourse Completion Task (DCT) was used as an instrument to...

Social hierarchies are omnipresent in the lives of many species. The ability to successfully navigate complex social environments with consideration of the relative rank of conspecifics is an essential skill not only for humans, but also for numerous other social beings. From maintaining rank and reducing conflict, to communication and reproduction, organisms of varying complexity rely on socia...

Dominance hierarchies are ubiquitous in the societies of human and nonhuman animals. Evidence from comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychological investigations is presented that show how social dominance hierarchies shaped the evolution of the human mind, and hence, human social institutions. It is argued that the pressures that arise from living in hierarchical social groups laid a f...

Consider a large population of ...nitely-lived agents organized into n di¤erent hierarchical levels. Every period, all those placed at each level are randomly matched to play a given symmetric game. Based on the resulting outcome, a 1⁄2-fraction of agents who (within their own level) attain the highest payo¤s are promoted upwards. On the other hand, newcomers replacing those who die every perio...